BIOMARKERS

Deciphering Aging Biomarkers

The gap between individuals’ chronological and biological ages underscores the need for reliable aging biomarkers. These biomarkers, comprised of various biological parameters, serve to evaluate age-related changes, monitor physiological aging, and predict the onset of pathological conditions.

Clinical Biomarkers

Measurable health indicators commonly used in clinical settings or analyzed in accredited laboratories based on standardized methods, such as blood pressure readings, cholesterol levels, and HbA1c.
 

Physiological Biomarkers

Measurable characteristics related to the functioning of organs and systems within the body. Examples include changes in muscle mass and strength, bone density, cardiovascular function (VO2max), respiratory capacity, and cognitive function.

Cellular Biomarkers

Changes that occur within individual cells as a result of aging. This may include cellular senescence (the process by which cells stop dividing and become dysfunctional), alterations in mitochondrial function, and changes in cellular metabolism.

Molecular Biomarkers

Molecules in biological samples assessing aging-related changes, including inflammation markers like CRP, oxidative stress indicators such as ROS, and metabolic dysfunction markers like insulin resistance.

Genetic Biomarkers

Variations in genes related to aging and disease, such as changes in telomere length (e.g., TERT gene) and DNA repair mechanisms (e.g., BRCA1 gene).

Epigenetic Biomarkers

Changes in DNA or associated proteins regulate gene activity without altering the DNA sequence, like DNA methylation and histone modifications. Many new epigenetic clocks, including third-generation ones like Dunedin Pace, have emerged recently.

Behavioral Biomarkers

Lifestyle factors and behaviors influencing aging and health outcomes, including physical activity levels, dietary patterns, sleep quality, stress levels, and social connectedness.

Composite Aging Biomarkers

Combination of various measures like physical, cognitive, and clinical indicators (e.g., frailty indices) to assess overall health and aging, aiding in predicting health outcomes and evaluating interventions for healthy aging.

My Routine Tests

Daily

  • Weight
  • Calories & nutrients
  • Sleep (Whoop)
  • Resting heart rate
  • Heart rate variability
  • Blood pressure

Every 3 months

  • Continuous glucose Monitoring
  • HbA1c
  • DEXA scan for body composition

Every 6 months

Yearly

  • Apolipoprotein
  • Complete blood count
  • hs-CRP
  • Vitamin D, 25 hydroxy
  • Cardiopulmonary exercise test (VO2max)

CLINICAL BIOMARKERS

METABOLIC & ENDOCRINE

BiomarkerBaseline (May 2023)Most Recent
HbA1c5.75.8
Creatinine0.940.77
Albumin4.34.4
Alkaline Phosphatase4064
AST1519
ALT1316
TSH5.424.25
Free T41.18
Insulin<1.0
Vitamin D, 25-OH (ng/mL)91.2

LIPID

BiomarkerBaseline (May 2023)most recent
LDL-C11982
HDL-C95104
Triglyceride5847
Apo A1199228 ↑
Apo B7667 ↓
Apo B/A1 Ratio0.380.29 ↓
Lipoprotein (a)<10
Omega-3 Index6.6%
Omega 6:Omega 3 Ratio3.4:1

BLOOD CELLS

BiomarkerBaseline (May 2023)most recent
WBC5.54.3
Hemoglobin13.513.7
RDW12.714.3

INFLAMMATION

BiomarkerBaseline (May 2023)most recent
hs-CRP<0.30.37
Homocysteine7.0

PHYSIOLOGICAL BIOMARKERS

BODY COMPOSITION (DEXA SCAN)

BiomarkerBaseline (Oct 2023)most recent
Body Fat %20.5%14.8%
Total Mass (lb)104.3103.5
Fat Mass (lb)21.415.3
Lean Mass (lb)78.583.8
Visceral Fat (cubic inch)1.323.3
Bone Mineral Density (g/cm2)1.1331.094

My Lean Mass Index (or LMI) over time compared to others in my selected gender & age reference group. 

My Appendicular Lean Mass Index (or ALMI) over time compared to others in my selected gender & age reference group. 

CARDIORESPIRATORY FITNESS

BiomarkerBaseline (May 2023)Most recent
VO2max (mL/kg/min)38.9
% Predicted VO2max135%
HR max (bpm)171
% Age Predicted HR max98%
Max Power (watt) (bike)145
Aerobic Threshold (mL/kg/min)35.4

HR & BP

BiomarkerBaseline (Oct 2023)current
Heart Rate Variability3339
Resting Heart Rate (bpm)5856
Blood Pressure (mmHg)95/6391/52

GENETIC & EPIGENETIC BIOMARKERS

BiomarkerBaseline (Sep 2023)PreviousMost recent
DunedinPACE0.820.80.76
Telomere Length (Kb)6.56.687.1
Telomere Length Percentile6th11.85th32.26th

BEHAVIORAL BIOMARKERS

SLEEP

BiomarkerBaseline (Oct 2023)Last 30-day Average
Sleep Performance87%95%
Sleep Consistency87%90%
Restorative Sleep47%48%
Sleep Efficiency87%88%
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